RESEARCH ARTICLE · Environmental Pollution · 2024

Patterns and trends of atmospheric mercury in the GMOS network: Insights based on a decade of measurements

Mariantonia Bencardino, Francesco D’Amore, Hélène Angot, Lorenzo Angiuli, Yann Bertrand, Warren R. L. Cairns, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Giulio Esposito, Kateřina Komínková, Casper J. Labuschagne, Valentino Mannarino, Lynwill Martin, Maria Martino, Luis Mendes Neves, Nikolay Mashyanov, Olivier Magand, Peter F. Nelson, Claus Norstrom, Katie Read, S. E. Sholupov, Henrik Skov, Antonella Tassone, Gabriela Vítková, Sergio Cinnirella, Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone

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Abstract

The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) network, initially a five-year project (2010-2015) funded by the European Commission, continued as a GEO Flagship program to support the Global Observation System for Mercury (GOS4M). GMOS was envisioned as a coordinated global observing system to monitor atmospheric mercury (Hg) on a global scale, to support and evaluate the effective implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury (MCM). Twenty-eight ground-based stations have been involved in the monitoring activities, following the GMOS sampling protocols and the data quality control management. This global network provides representative coverage of all latitudes, from the Arctic Circle and Antarctica, the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere, including the tropical zone. This work presents atmospheric Hg data, available as Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) or Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) concentrations, recorded within the GMOS network from 2011 to 2020. TGM/GEM concentrations were analysed in terms of their variability along latitudinal areas, considering their comparability, temporal trends and patterns. The main results confirmed a clear gradient of TGM/GEM concentrations between the northern (1.58 ± 0.31 ng/m3) and southern (0.97 ± 0.14 ng/m3) hemispheres. Decreasing trends in TGM/GEM levels, with an average rate ranging from -0.06 to -0.03 ng/m3/yr, were found to be strongly significant only for selected remote stations but within each latitudinal region, except for Antarctica, where trends were stable over time. Seasonal variability in the atmospheric TGM/GEM concentrations increases with latitude and is greater at inland sites than at coastal sites.

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