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RESEARCH PAPER · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · 2022

Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: A Multi-Stage Annealing Process to Recover the Pristine Structure and Performance

Anthony T. Montoya, Zhenzhen Yang, Erik U. Dahl, Krzysztof Pupek, Bryant J. Polzin, Alison R. Dunlop, John T. Vaughey

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Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: A Multi-Stage Annealing Process to Recover the Pristine Structure and PerformanceOriginalCathode regeneration and upcycling of spent LIBs: toward sustainability179Direct Recycling for Advancing Sustainable Battery Solutions24Direct recycling of lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles for closed-loop life cycle impact mitigation32Mechanische Zelldemontage für das direkte Recycling/Mechanical battery cell disassembly for direct end-of-life battery recycling2Short-process simultaneously recycling cobalt and manganese from environment-hazardous di-methyl-dithiocarbamate chelate slag as lithium-ion battery cathode material11Sorting, Characterization, Environmentally Friendly Recycling, and Reuse of Components from End‐of‐Life 18650 Li Ion Batteries32Sustainable Development Goals and End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery: Literature Review29A Systematic Review of Battery Recycling Technologies: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects70Optimizing pH conditions for impurity removal in closed-loop Li-ion battery recycling33Morphology controlled performance of ternary layered oxide cathodes58Sequential Recovery of Critical Metals from Leached Liquor of Processed Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries11A Study on the Cradle-to-Gate Environmental Impacts of Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries7Direct recycling of EV production scrap NMC532 cathode materials20A proof-of-concept of direct recycling of anode and cathode active materials: From spent batteries to performance in new Li-ion cells48Direct recycling of Li‐ion batteries from cell to pack level: Challenges and prospects on technology, scalability, sustainability, and economics149Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents59Emerging Processes for Sustainable Li‐Ion Battery Cathode Recycling55Towards Sustainable Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Advancements in Circular Hydrometallurgy63Producibility of perovskite solar cells0Direct Recycling of LixNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 from Production Scrap and End‐Of‐Life Batteries, Using Solid‐State Relithiation19Progress in direct recycling of spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes28Reductive Dissolution of NCM Cathode through Anaerobic Respiration by Shewanella putrefaciens9A simple room-temperature refurbishment method for sulfated lead-acid batteries using ammonium acetate treatment1A review of construction and sustainable recycling strategies of lithium-ion batteries across electric vehicle platforms16Achieving high rate performance in hybrid pristine-recycled cathodes usingmodel-informed electrode designs0A review of lithium-ion battery recycling for enabling a circular economy147Sustainable Recovery and Reuse of Hard Carbon From Scrap and End‐of‐Life Sodium‐Ion Batteries21Self-looped electrochemical recycling of lithium-ion battery cathode materials to manufacturing feedstocks53Advancements in direct recycling technologies for lithium-ion battery cathodes: Overcoming challenges in cathode regeneration44Understanding materials failure mechanisms for the optimization of lithium-ion battery recycling148Separation of Al and Cu from spent LiFePO4 cathodes via a combination of selective leaching and two-stage precipitation7Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion battery: Technologies, sustainability, and challenges in India10Electrochemical Properties of Unused Graphite Electrode Composite after Exfoliation and Recoating1Flux Upcycling of Degraded Layered Cathodes to LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (NMCs) with Gradient Transition Metal Distribution9In Situ Diffraction and Ex Situ Transmission X‐Ray Microscopy Studies of Solid‐State Upcycling for NMC Cathodes9Facile strategy for high-efficiency purification and regeneration of graphite anodes from spent lithium-ion batteries21Direct upcycling of spent mixed cathode towards single-crystalline ternary cathode via a eutectic molten lithium-salt solvent process4Fluorinated substances in lithium-ion batteries and solid state batteries: Recycling challenges and environmental impacts26Regeneration of Spent LIB Electrode Materials: An Outlook from Lab-Scale Feasibility to Industrial Integration16Efficient Direct Cathode Regeneration for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Planetary Centrifugal Mixing and Eutectic Salts12Battery types and recent developments for energy storage in electric vehicles: technical criteria and battery management system16Critical review on the multiple roles of pyrolysis treatment in the closed-loop recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries4Efficient Direct Regeneration Strategy for Spent NCM111 Cathode Materials via EG‐Based Solvent Separation1Holistic Recovery of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Flash Joule Heating11Sustainable recovery: Life cycle assessment for lithium-ion battery recycling10Sodium ion batteries: A sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries with an overview of market trends, recycling, and battery chemistry35Impact Analysis of Different Recycling Pathways for Lithium-Containing Waste on the Carbon Footprint of Products with Recycled Lithium0Degradation-informed surface coating strategies for recycled lithium-ion battery materials0Impact of Discharging Methods on Electrode Integrity in Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries1Achieving high rate performance in hybrid pristine-recycled cathodes using model-informed electrode designs2Direct Recycling of Mixed‐Oxide Cathodes: Balancing Cost, Performance and Environmental Trade‐Offs3From spent lithium-ion batteries to high-grade “urban mines”: A review of green recovery technologies for strategic metal resources of electrode material3Lithium-ion battery recycling: A snapshot review towards a circular and sustainable future1A regionalized life cycle and economic assessment of closed-loop lithium-ion battery recycling: a case study from Québec, Canada0Circular economy assessment of lithium-ion batteries throughout their life cycle: A review of current practices and future prospects0Challenges of direct recycling: Impurity-driven degradation in LiNiCoMnO2 cathodes0Clarification on the Influence of Reducing Agents on the Extraction Mechanism of Metals from NMC1110Practical direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries via the state of recoverability1Repurposing, reuse, and recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries – A comprehensive review0Full Component Utilization: Targeted Separation of Mn/Li From Spent LiMn 2 O 4 for Reconstructing High‐Performance Single‐Crystal Cathode Materials0Spent battery-derived LiCoO2-modified 3D-printed electrochemical sensors for cellular hydrogen peroxide monitoring0A Comparison of Relithiation Methods for the Direct Recycling of End-of-Life NMC622 Cathode Materials0

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  1. Cathode regeneration and upcycling of spent LIBs: toward sustainability

    Energy & Environmental Science · 2023-01-01

    Xiang Heng Xiao, Li Wang, Yingqiang Wu, Youzhi Song, Zonghai Chen, Xiangming He

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  2. Direct Recycling for Advancing Sustainable Battery Solutions

    Materials Today Energy · 2023-01-01

    Ta‐Wei Wang, Tengxiao Liu, Hongtao Sun

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  3. Direct recycling of lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles for closed-loop life cycle impact mitigation

    CIRP Annals · 2023-01-01

    Kang Shen, Chris Yingchun Yuan, Michael Zwicky Hauschild

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  4. Mechanische Zelldemontage für das direkte Recycling/Mechanical battery cell disassembly for direct end-of-life battery recycling

    wt Werkstattstechnik online · 2023-01-01

    Sebastian Henschel, Philipp-Tobias Dörner, Florian Kößler, Jürgen Fleischer

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  5. Short-process simultaneously recycling cobalt and manganese from environment-hazardous di-methyl-dithiocarbamate chelate slag as lithium-ion battery cathode material

    Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · 2023-04-26

    Dawei Lan, Guangliang Zhang, Man Mo, Zhijie Fang, Shuxian Shi, Kunsong Hu, Yangxian Huang, Riran Zang, Weijian Li, Haiqing Zhan, Haiqing Zhan, Xianquan Ming, Guanhan Huang, Guiliang Li, Feng Zhan

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  6. Sorting, Characterization, Environmentally Friendly Recycling, and Reuse of Components from End‐of‐Life 18650 Li Ion Batteries

    Advanced Sustainable Systems · 2023-06-28

    Pietro Cattaneo, Daniele Callegari, Daniele Merli, Cristina Tealdi, Dhanalakshmi Vadivel, Chiara Milanese, Valeriy Kapelyushko, Fiorenza D'Aprile, Eliana Quartarone

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  7. Sustainable Development Goals and End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery: Literature Review

    Batteries · 2023-07-02

    Muhammad Nadeem Akram, Walid Abdul‐Kader

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  8. A Systematic Review of Battery Recycling Technologies: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects

    Energies · 2023-09-12

    Luigi Toro, Luigi Toro, Emanuela Moscardini, Ludovica Baldassari, Flavia Forte, Ilario Falcone, Jacopo Coletta, Lorenzo Toro, Lorenzo Toro

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  9. Optimizing pH conditions for impurity removal in closed-loop Li-ion battery recycling

    Chemical Engineering Journal · 2023-09-18

    Woo Seok Kim, Sanghyuk Park, Gyeongbin Ko, Jimin Lee, Kyungjung Kwon

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  10. Morphology controlled performance of ternary layered oxide cathodes

    Communications Materials · 2023-11-03

    Zifei Meng, Xiaotu Ma, Luqman Azhari, Jiahui Hou, Yan Wang

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  11. Sequential Recovery of Critical Metals from Leached Liquor of Processed Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

    Batteries · 2023-11-09

    Emmanuel Ayorinde Ajiboye, Trevor L. Dzwiniel

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  12. A Study on the Cradle-to-Gate Environmental Impacts of Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries

    Procedia CIRP · 2024-01-01

    Antonella Accardo, Giovanni Dotelli, Ezio Spessa

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  13. Direct recycling of EV production scrap NMC532 cathode materials

    RSC Sustainability · 2024-01-01

    Emily C. Giles, Abbey Jarvis, Alexander T. Sargent, Paul A. Anderson, Phoebe K. Allan, Peter Raymond Slater

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  14. A proof-of-concept of direct recycling of anode and cathode active materials: From spent batteries to performance in new Li-ion cells

    Journal of Power Sources · 2024-01-16

    Marilena Mancini, Marius F. Hoffmann, Jan Martin, Dagmar Weirather-Köstner, Peter Axmann, Margret Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens

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  15. Direct recycling of Li‐ion batteries from cell to pack level: Challenges and prospects on technology, scalability, sustainability, and economics

    Carbon Energy · 2024-02-29

    Joseph Jegan Roy, Minh Phuong, Vivek Verma, Richa Chaudhary, Michaël Carboni, Daniel J.M. Meyer, Bin Cao, Madhavi Srinivasan

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  16. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents

    Journal of environmental chemical engineering · 2024-06-05

    Anđela Kovačević, Marilena Tolazzi, Martina Sanadar, Andrea Melchior

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  17. Emerging Processes for Sustainable Li‐Ion Battery Cathode Recycling

    Small · 2024-06-23

    Sohini Bhattacharyya, Soumyabrata Roy, Róbert Vajtai

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  18. Towards Sustainable Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Advancements in Circular Hydrometallurgy

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    María del Mar Cerrillo-González, Maria Dolores Villen-Guzman, Carlos Vereda‐Alonso, José Miguel Rodríguez‐Maroto, Juan Manuel Paz-García

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  19. Producibility of perovskite solar cells

    Elsevier eBooks · 2024-08-30

    Rajan Jose, Thomas Meredith Brown, JinKiong Ling

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  20. Direct Recycling of LixNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 from Production Scrap and End‐Of‐Life Batteries, Using Solid‐State Relithiation

    Batteries & Supercaps · 2024-09-25

    Lucas Evangelista Sita, Roberto Peter Zygmunt Sommerville, Giar Alsofi, Wilgner Lima da Silva, Dominika Gastol, Jair Scarmínio, Emma Kendrick

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  21. Progress in direct recycling of spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes

    Energy storage materials · 2024-10-01

    Juntian Fan, Huimin Luo, Tao Wang, Sheng Dai

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  22. Reductive Dissolution of NCM Cathode through Anaerobic Respiration by Shewanella putrefaciens

    Environmental Science & Technology · 2024-10-01

    Seongryeong Kim, Kyoung Lee, Kihyun Kim, Seung Soo S. Lee, John D. Fortner, Hyosang An, Yeonguk Son, Hoyoung Hwang, Yosep Han, Yoon Myung, Haesung Jung

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  23. A simple room-temperature refurbishment method for sulfated lead-acid batteries using ammonium acetate treatment

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  24. A review of construction and sustainable recycling strategies of lithium-ion batteries across electric vehicle platforms

    RSC Advances · 2025-01-01

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  25. Achieving high rate performance in hybrid pristine-recycled cathodes usingmodel-informed electrode designs

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  26. A review of lithium-ion battery recycling for enabling a circular economy

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  27. Sustainable Recovery and Reuse of Hard Carbon From Scrap and End‐of‐Life Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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  28. Self-looped electrochemical recycling of lithium-ion battery cathode materials to manufacturing feedstocks

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  29. Advancements in direct recycling technologies for lithium-ion battery cathodes: Overcoming challenges in cathode regeneration

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  30. Understanding materials failure mechanisms for the optimization of lithium-ion battery recycling

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  31. Separation of Al and Cu from spent LiFePO4 cathodes via a combination of selective leaching and two-stage precipitation

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  32. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion battery: Technologies, sustainability, and challenges in India

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  33. Electrochemical Properties of Unused Graphite Electrode Composite after Exfoliation and Recoating

    ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · 2025-04-21

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  34. Flux Upcycling of Degraded Layered Cathodes to LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (NMCs) with Gradient Transition Metal Distribution

    Advanced Energy Materials · 2025-04-21

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  35. In Situ Diffraction and Ex Situ Transmission X‐Ray Microscopy Studies of Solid‐State Upcycling for NMC Cathodes

    Advanced Energy Materials · 2025-04-21

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  36. Facile strategy for high-efficiency purification and regeneration of graphite anodes from spent lithium-ion batteries

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  37. Direct upcycling of spent mixed cathode towards single-crystalline ternary cathode via a eutectic molten lithium-salt solvent process

    Separation and Purification Technology · 2025-06-09

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  38. Fluorinated substances in lithium-ion batteries and solid state batteries: Recycling challenges and environmental impacts

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  39. Regeneration of Spent LIB Electrode Materials: An Outlook from Lab-Scale Feasibility to Industrial Integration

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  40. Efficient Direct Cathode Regeneration for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Planetary Centrifugal Mixing and Eutectic Salts

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  41. Battery types and recent developments for energy storage in electric vehicles: technical criteria and battery management system

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  42. Critical review on the multiple roles of pyrolysis treatment in the closed-loop recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

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  43. Efficient Direct Regeneration Strategy for Spent NCM111 Cathode Materials via EG‐Based Solvent Separation

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  44. Holistic Recovery of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Flash Joule Heating

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  45. Sustainable recovery: Life cycle assessment for lithium-ion battery recycling

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  46. Sodium ion batteries: A sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries with an overview of market trends, recycling, and battery chemistry

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  47. Impact Analysis of Different Recycling Pathways for Lithium-Containing Waste on the Carbon Footprint of Products with Recycled Lithium

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  48. Degradation-informed surface coating strategies for recycled lithium-ion battery materials

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  49. Impact of Discharging Methods on Electrode Integrity in Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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  50. Achieving high rate performance in hybrid pristine-recycled cathodes using model-informed electrode designs

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