RESEARCH ARTICLE · Journal of Research in Reading · 1979

A cross‐national survey of cultural expectations and sex‐role standards in reading

John Downing, Carol Anne Dwyer, Dina Feitelson, Mogens Jansen, Ritva Kemppainen, Hilkka-Liisa Matihaldi, David R. Reggi, Takahiko Sakamoto, H. Darrel Taylor, Derek Thackray, Douglas Wyness Thomson

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ABSTRACT Cultural expectations and sex‐role standards about reading in Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, Israel, Japan, and U.S.A. were investigated. A picture test showing various activities and objects including reading and books was administered in each country to six sub‐samples that approximated to the levels: students in grades I, IV, VIII, and XII, college students, and adults. Subjects had to ascribe the activity or object as being appropriate for either a boy or a girl. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that cultural expectations and sex‐role standards about reading are congruent within one country but that they differ between countries. In particular, boys in Canada and the U.S.A. rapidly learn to perceive reading as a feminine activity, whereas Danish and Japanese males at all ages consistently view reading as acceptable masculine behaviour.

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